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Chapter 3
Questions and Answers About Tithing
Is tithing voluntary?
Everyone who honors God by obeying His instructions does so on a voluntary basis.
God never forces anyone to act against his or her will. At the same time, however,
He expects us to tithe and equates failure to tithe with robbing Him (Malachi 3:8).
Nor does God allow us to arbitrarily decide the minimum amount humans should give
Him. Through His tithing system He reveals the minimum amount we should return to
Him from all He gives us. Since God is our Creator and because everything belongs
to Him (Psalm 24:1; Haggai 2:8), He has the right to establish this system of financial
support for His spiritual purposes.
Was tithing practiced before God's national covenant with Israel?
Abraham and Jacob both understood and practiced tithing. Abraham gave a tithe
of all the spoils of a rescue mission (Genesis 14:20), and Jacob, upon coming to
a closer relationship with God, promised to give God a tithe (a 10th, 10 percent)
of the blessings God would pour out on him (Genesis 28:22).
Did the priests and Levites tithe?
God gave a tithe to the Levites for their work in the tabernacle and as an inheritance
(Numbers 18:21,24). From the tithes they received, they were also to pay tithes
(verse 26). Among the Levites God selected Aaron and his family to serve as priests
(Exodus 4:14; Numbers 3:10). Because Aaron and his family were also Levites, they
too would have been expected to tithe.
Was tithing just for Israel?
God's intent was for Israel to be a model for other nations (Deuteronomy 28:1).
In Romans 2:6-15 the apostle Paul explains that all nations will be judged by the
same law of God. The Christianity of the Bible does not deny that law or its connection
with Israel. Instead, those who became part of the New Testament Church were called
"the Israel of God" (Galatians 6:16).
Was tithing limited to agricultural products?
In Genesis 14 Abraham recovered people and goods (verse 16). Of these spoils
Abraham gave a tithe "of all" (verse 20; Hebrews 7:2). His tithing was
not limited to agricultural products. In 2Chronicles 31:5 we read that Israel "brought
in abundance the firstfruits of grain and wine, oil and honey, and of all the produce
of the field; and they brought in abundantly the tithe of everything."
Since the economy of ancient Israel was predominately agricultural, this verse appropriately
identifies such products. But we should also note that the phrase "the tithe
of everything" allows for non-agricultural products. Similarly, Proverbs 3:9
tells us to "honor the Lord with your possessions, and with the firstfruits
of all your increase." God wants us to honor Him with all our incrase, not just
agricultural increase. It is inconsistent to assume that God expected only farmers
to tithe while excusing everyone else from this command.
How many tithes are discussed in the Bible?
The Bible explains that tithes (tenths, Leviticus 27:32) were used for three
purposes: to support the Levites (Numbers 18:21), to provide for God's people to
observe His commanded festivals (Deuteronomy 14:22-27) and to help the poor (verses 28-29). Though some have assumed just one tithe was saved and then divided by the
person among these three categories as he saw fit, the Bible's instructions contradict
this assumption.
Numbers 18:21 speaks of God giving the children of Levi all the tithes, or tenths,
of the increase. If the Levites were only going to receive part of a tithe, God would
not have promised them 10 percent. God, of course, does not lie (Numbers 23:19; Titus 1:2). Similarly, Deuteronomy 14:23 speaks of a person using a tenth, 10 percent,
of his increase for festivals, and Deuteronomy 14:28-29 speaks of 10 percent, every
third year, to be used to help those in need.
Is there historical evidence outside the Bible for more than one tithe?
Josephus, a first-century Jewish historian who wrote extensively of Jewish history
and customs, twice explains there was more than one tithe. First, he writes, "let
there be taken out of your fruits a tenth, besides that which you have allotted to
give to the priest and Levites. This you may indeed sell in the country, but it is
to be used in those feasts and sacrifices that are to be celebrated in the holy city:
for it is fit that you should enjoy those fruits of the earth which God gives you
to possess, so as may be to the honour of the donor" (Josephus, Antiquities
of the Jews, Book IV, Chapter VIII, Section 8).
He continues: "Besides those two tithes, which I have already said you are to
pay every year, the one for the Levites, the other for the festivals, you are to
bring every third year a third tithe to be distributed to those that want; to women
also that are widows, and to children that are orphans" (Antiquities, IV,
viii, 22).
Other ancient historical sources, including the Setuagent (mid-second century B.C.
Greek translation of the Old testament) and the Book of Jubilees (a mid-second century
B.C. pseudepigraphical work), describe multiple tithes. The later church writers
Jerime (ca. 347-420, primary translator of the Latin Vulgate version of the Bible)
and Chrysotam (347-407) also taught that the israelites gave multiple tithes.
How important is tithing to God?
In Malachi 3:8 God says: "Will a man rob God? Yet you have robbed Me! But
you say, 'In what way have we robbed You?' In tithes and offerings." God says
those who refuse to give Him tithes and offerings are stealing-breaking one of the
Ten Commandments (Exodus 20:15; Deuteronomy 5:19).
Do comments about tithing in the book of Malachi refer only to the priesthood
or other people of Malachi's day?
Some of God's instruction in the book of Malachi was directed toward the priests
(Malachi 1:8) because they had the responsibility of teaching the people God's law
(Deuteronomy 33:8-10; Malachi 2:7). But God did not single out the priests as the
only ones guilty of disobedience. In reference to not giving tithes and offerings,
God said "this whole nation" was guilty of this sin (Malachi 3:9).
Although the first two chapters of Malachi address sins of Israel at that time, the
last two chapters speak of Christ's second coming and the lake of fire. Interestingly,
God's rebuke concerning tithing is found within this prophetic section rather than
the earlier historical one. The issues addressed in Malachi (respect for God's law,
faithful teachers, avoiding divorce, paying one's tithes) were important issues for
all Israelites at the time Malachi was written and continue to be important issues
for God's people.
Has tithing been abolished under the New Covenant?
No, it has not. Though some assume that God's laws have been abolished by the
New Covenant, Jeremiah 31:31-33 and Hebrews 8 and 10 all confirm that under the New
Covenant God's laws would be written upon believers' hearts-not abrogated or done
away.
Although the New Covenant included changes from a physical priesthood to the spiritual
priesthood of Jesus Christ and completion of the sacrifices that pointed toward Him,
these adjustments are all documented in the New Testament. Hebrews 7 discusses the
change regarding the priesthood. Jesus Christ, a priest after the order of Melchizedek
(the priest who received tithes from Abraham), has replaced the family of Aaron.
The obvious implication is that, as Jesus Christ has now replaced Aaron's family
as High Priest, the ministers of Jesus Christ have similarly replaced the Levites
and so would receive tithes to do God's continuing Work.
It is also important to note that, even though God temporarily gave the tithe to
the Levites for their service, it remained holy and ultimately belonged to Him (Leviticus 27:30). When God gave it to the Levites and the people refused to pay it to them,
God said the people were robbing Him-not robbing the Levites (Malachi 3:8). Christians,
who are under the New Covenant, continue to honor God through their tithes and offerings.
What did Jesus say about tithing?
In Matthew 23:23 Jesus sternly criticized the religious authorities of His day
for their distorted spiritual understanding. They were meticulous in tithing on tiny
spices and herbs, Jesus said, but "neglected the weightier matters of the law:
justice and mercy and faith." They should have placed more emphasis on these
more important spiritual principles, He said, "without leaving the others undone."
Here Christ upheld tithing as a practice that should be followed.
Why doesn't Paul mention tithing in his letters?
Realizing that all Scripture was inspired by God and profitable for doctrine
(2Timothy 3:16-17) and that the only Scripture available at the time were the books
we know as the Old Testament, Paul did not consider it necessary to repeat all of
God's laws in his letters. His letters contain answers to specific issues and were
not written as a new set of laws to replace God's instruction found in the earlier
books of the Bible.
Why didn't Paul take tithes from the Corinthians?
Is this the New Testament model for ministers?
Some in Corinth were among the apostle Paul's most vicious detractors. In 1Corinthians 9:1-23 he defended his ministerial role and argued that he and Barnabas had the right
to receive financial support from the Corinthians for their service to the Church.
Even though they had this right, Paul explained they didn't exercise it because they
were concerned that it might "hinder the gospel" (verse 12). He didn't
want to be accused of greed or wanting to be supported by the members there. To avoid
such accusations, he took no financial support from them.
To support himself financially, Paul worked as a tentmaker (Acts 18:1-3). In 2Corinthians 11:7-8 Paul reflects on his decision: ". . . Was this my offence,
that I made no charge for preaching the gospel of God, humbling myself in order to
exalt you? I robbed other churches-by accepting support from them to serve you"
(Revised English Bible). He then explains that brethren in Macedonia paid the expenses
that he could not meet while in Corinth: "If I ran short while I was with you,
I did not become a charge on anyone; my needs were fully met by friends from Macedonia;
I made it a rule, as I always shall, never to be a burden to you" (verse 9,
REB).
Paul's decision not to take financial support from the Corinthians was an unusual
situation prompted by the accusatory attitudes of others.
How should I calculate and pay my tithes?
Tithes are calculated on one's "increase" (Deuteronomy 14:22,28; 2 Chronicles 31:5). To determine one's increase one must deduct the costs of doing
business from gross income. For example, in the case of a farmer, the cost of seed,
fertilizer, equipment and other farm-related expenses would be deducted from the
profit of a crop to determine the increase.
After we determine our increase, we should give a 10th to God for supporting His
work. If we receive regular paychecks, it is best to send our tithes and offerings
(contributions above 10 percent) when our paychecks arrive. Self-employed people
who experience significant fluctuations in income and expense may not be able to
accurately figure their increase until the end of a year.
In addition to giving God a 10th of our increase, God tells us to save another 10th
for observing His festivals. We should also faithfully set these funds aside throughout
the year so they will be readily available for our use when those times arrive.
Finally, if we are able, God expects us to help the poor through a third tithe saved
on the third and sixth years of a seven-year cycle (Deuteronomy 14:28-29; 15:1).
Today, almost all governments collect taxes in excess of this percentage to help
the needy. Under these circumstances, most people are paying this third tithe in
the form of taxes. While we still retain Christian obligations to help those in need,
it is unnecessary to also contribute additional funding for the poor beyond our taxes
if we are unable to do so. GN
©1999 United Church of God, an International Associtaion
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